What Happens To Excess Carbohydrates In Animals?

2.6.1: Metabolism of Carbohydrates

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Learning Objectives

• Analyze the importance of carbohydrate metabolism to energy production

Metabolism of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are one of the major forms of free energy for animals and plants. Plants build carbohydrates using light free energy from the sunday (during the process of photosynthesis), while animals eat plants or other animals to obtain carbohydrates. Plants store carbohydrates in long polysaccharides chains called starch, while animals store carbohydrates as the molecule glycogen. These large polysaccharides contain many chemical bonds and therefore store a lot of chemical energy. When these molecules are broken downwardly during metabolism, the energy in the chemical bonds is released and tin can be harnessed for cellular processes.

Figure: All living things utilise carbohydrates equally a form of energy.: Plants, similar this oak tree and acorn, apply energy from sunlight to brand sugar and other organic molecules. Both plants and animals (similar this squirrel) use cellular respiration to derive energy from the organic molecules originally produced past plants

Free energy Product from Carbohydrates (Cellular Respiration )

The metabolism of any monosaccharide (simple sugar) can produce free energy for the jail cell to apply. Excess carbohydrates are stored as starch in plants and equally glycogen in animals, ready for metabolism if the energy demands of the organism suddenly increase. When those energy demands increase, carbohydrates are broken down into elective monosaccharides, which are so distributed to all the living cells of an organism. Glucose (C_viH₁₂O₆) is a mutual instance of the monosaccharides used for free energy production.

Inside the cell, each sugar molecule is broken downward through a complex series of chemical reactions. As chemic energy is released from the bonds in the monosaccharide, it is harnessed to synthesize high-energy adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. ATP is the primary energy currency of all cells. Just as the dollar is used as currency to buy goods, cells apply molecules of ATP to perform immediate work and ability chemical reactions.

The breakup of glucose during metabolism is call cellular respiration can be described by the equation:

\[\ce{C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy}\]

Producing Carbohydrates (Photosynthesis)

Plants and some other types of organisms produce carbohydrates through the procedure called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants convert calorie-free energy into chemical energy past edifice carbon dioxide gas molecules (CO₂) into carbohydrate molecules similar glucose. Because this process involves building bonds to synthesize a large molecule, it requires an input of energy (light) to continue. The synthesis of glucose by photosynthesis is described by this equation (observe that information technology is the contrary of the previous equation):

\[\ce{6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2}\]

As part of plants' chemical processes, glucose molecules can be combined with and converted into other types of sugars. In plants, glucose is stored in the form of starch, which can exist cleaved downward back into glucose via cellular respiration in order to supply ATP.

Key Points

• The breakdown of glucose living organisms utilize to produce energy is described by the equation: \[\ce{C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy} \nonumber\]
• The photosynthetic process plants utilize to synthesize glucose is described by the equation: \[\ce{6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2} \nonumber\]
• Glucose that is consumed is used to make energy in the class of ATP, which is used to perform work and ability chemic reactions in the prison cell.
• During photosynthesis, plants catechumen light energy into chemical energy that is used to build molecules of glucose.

Key Terms

• adenosine triphosphate: a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells every bit a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of energy currency" in intracellular energy transfer
• glucose: a simple monosaccharide (sugar) with a molecular formula of C6H12O6C6H12O6C6H12O6; information technology is a principal source of energy for cellular metabolism

Source: https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book:_Microbiology_%28Boundless%29/2:_Chemistry/2.6:_Energy/2.6.1:_Metabolism_of_Carbohydrates

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